Epigraphs for Complete Thyself
The following passages might prove useful as epigraphs or quotations in my book Complete Thyself: Aristotle on Human Fulfillment.
Aeschylus
- Agamemnon, 176-178:
τὸν φρονεῖν βροτοὺς ὁδώ-
σαντα, τὸν πάθει μάθος
θέντα κυρίως ἔχειν.
"He who set mortals to thinking
laid it down that learning comes
only through suffering."
- Agamemnon, 250-251:
Δίκα δὲ τοῖς μὲν παθοῦσ-
ιν μαθεῖν ἐπιρρέπει:
"Justice has made it so that
only those learn who suffer."
- Agamemnon, 378-380:
ἔστω δ᾽ ἀπή-
μαντον, ὥστ᾽ ἀπαρκεῖν
εὖ πραπίδων λαχόντα.
"Let he who is well-favored with
understanding be unharmed and contented."
- Agamemnon, 785-787:
πῶς σε σεβίζω
μήθ᾽ ὑπεράρας μήθ᾽ ὑποκάμψας
καιρὸν χάριτος;
How shall I honor you,
neither going beyond nor falling short
of this moment's measure?
- Agamemnon, 838-839:
εὖ γὰρ ἐξεπίσταμαι
ὁμιλίας κάτοπτρον,
"Well I know the mirror of companionship."
- Agamemnon, 902:
τερπνὸν δὲ τἀναγκαῖον ἐκφυγεῖν ἅπαν.
"Sweet it is to escape from all necessity."
- Agamemnon, 927-929:
καὶ τὸ μὴ κακῶς φρονεῖν
θεοῦ μέγιστον δῶρον. ὀλβίσαι δὲ χρὴ
βίον τελευτήσαντ᾽ ἐν εὐεστοῖ φίλῃ.
"The gods' greatest gift is to be minded well;
call that man dear to them who has brought
his life to its end in a thriving state."
- The Eumenides, 420:
μάθοιμ᾽ ἄν, εἰ λέγοι τις ἐμφανῆ λόγον.
"I can know them, if someone gives a clear account."
- The Eumenides, 428:
δυοῖν παρόντοιν ἥμισυς λόγου πάρα.
"Here are two, but only half the account."
- The Eumenides, 442:
τούτοις ἀμείβου πᾶσιν εὐμαθές τί μοι.
"Give me an answer that is completely clear."
- The Eumenides, 521-522:
ξυμφέρει
σωφρονεῖν ὑπὸ στένει.
"To learn from suffering brings advantage."
- The Eumenides, 550-551:
ἑκὼν δ᾽ ἀνάγκας ἄτερ δίκαιος ὢν
οὐκ ἄνολβος ἔσται:
"He who willingly acts justly without constraint
shall not lack due prosperity."
- The Libation Bearers, 110-111:
Elektra: τίνας δὲ τούτους τῶν φίλων προσεννέπω;
Chorus: πρῶτον μὲν αὑτὴν
"Elektra: Whom of those closest can I call dear?
Chorus: Yourself first of all."
- The Libation Bearers, 313-314:
δράσαντι παθεῖν,
τριγέρων μῦθος τάδε φωνεῖ.
"Who acts shall suffer:
so say the oldest tales."
- The Libation Bearers, 854:
οὔτοι φρέν᾽ ἂν κλέψειεν ὠμματωμένην.
"The mind has eyes, not easily deceived."
- The Persians, 93-100:
θεόθεν γὰρ κατὰ Μοῖρ᾽
ἐκράτησεν τὸ παλαι-
όν, ἐπέσκηψε δὲ Πέρσαις
πολέμους πυργοδαΐκτους
διέπειν ἱππιοχάρμας
τε κλόνους
πόλεών τ᾽ ἀναστάσεις.
"Deceitful deception of god -
what mortal man shall avoid it?
With nimbleness, deftness, and speed
whose leaping foot shall escape it?
Benign and coaxing at first
it leads us astray into nets which
no mortal is able to slip,
whose doom we never can flee."
- The Persians, 140-143:
τόδ᾽ ἐνεζόμενοι
στέγος ἀρχαῖον,
φροντίδα κεδνὴν καὶ βαθύβουλον
θώμεθα,
"Let us in this ancient palace sit,
and deep and wisely found our thoughts."
- The Persians, 242:
οὔτινος δοῦλοι κέκληνται φωτὸς οὐδ᾽ ὑπήκοοι.
"They are slaves to none, nor are they subject."
- The Persians, 765-767:
Μῆδος γὰρ ἦν ὁ πρῶτος ἡγεμὼν στρατοῦ:
ἄλλος δ᾽ ἐκείνου παῖς τόδ᾽ ἔργον ἤνυσεν:
φρένες γὰρ αὐτοῦ θυμὸν ᾠακοστρόφουν.
"First was Medus leader of our people;
next his son fulfilled the office well,
whose reason was the helmsman to his spirit."
- The Persians, 772:
θεὸς γὰρ οὐκ ἤχθηρεν, ὡς εὔφρων ἔφυ.
"No god resented him, for he was wise."
- The Persians, 820:
οὐχ ὑπέρφευ θνητὸν ὄντα χρὴ φρονεῖν.
"Never, being mortal, ought we to cast our thoughts too high."
- Prometheus Bound, 311-312:
γίγνωσκε σαυτὸν καὶ μεθάρμοσαι τρόπους
νέους: νέος γὰρ καὶ τύραννος ἐν θεοῖς.
"Know thyself and take on new ways:
For new as well is the king among the gods."
- Prometheus Bound, 339:
ἔργῳ κοὐ λόγῳ τεκμαίρομαι.
"I judge by deeds, not words."
- Prometheus Bound, 981:
ἀλλ᾽ ἐκδιδάσκει πάνθ᾽ ὁ γηράσκων χρόνος.
"Time teaches all things when it grows old."
- Seven Against Thebes, 166-167:
ἰὼ παναρκεῖς θεοί,
ἰὼ τέλειοι τέλειαί τε γᾶς
"O gods and goddesses all-sufficient,
O you who bring the earth to completion!"
- Seven Against Thebes, 698-699:
κακὸς οὐ κεκλή-
σῃ βίον εὖ κυρήσας:
"Never will you be called bad if you steer your life well."
- The Suppliant Maidens, 100:
πᾶν ἄπονον δαιμονίων.
"The gods do all without struggle."
- The Suppliant Maidens, 364:
θεῶν λήματ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς ἁγνοῦ.
"The man who's pure of heart is favored by the gods."
- The Suppliant Maidens, 514:
ἀεί γ᾽ ἄναρκτόν ἐστι δεῖμ᾽ ἐξαίσιον.
"Headlong fear is always powerless."
Aristotle
- "Nothing is complete unless it has a telos." (207a15)
- "Nothing incomplete is found among the elements of fulfillment." (1177b26)
W.H. Auden
- "The life of man is never quite completed." ~ W.H. Auden, "In Time of War"
Henry Beston
- "True humanity is no inherent right but an achievement." ~ Henry Beston, Herbs and the Earth
George Eliot
- "Character too is a process and an unfolding." ~ George Eliot, Middlemarch
- "Is there not a genius for feeling nobly which also reigns over human spirits?" ~ George Eliot, Middlemarch
- "Character is not cut in marble - it is not something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, and may become diseased as our bodies do." ~ George Eliot, Middlemarch
- "Every limit is a beginning as well as an ending." ~ George Eliot, Middlemarch
Margaret Fuller
- "What concerns me now is that my life be a beautiful, powerful, in a word, a complete life of its kind." ~ Margaret Fuller, Woman in the Nineteenth Century
Hesiod
- Works and Days, 249-250:
ἐγγὺς γὰρ ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἐόντες ἀθάνατοι φράζονται
"The immortals are close at hand and mingle with men."
- Works and Days 293-298 (quoted at EN I.4 1195b13):
οὗτος μὲν πανάριστος, ὃς αὐτὸς πάντα νοήσῃ
φρασσάμενος, τά κ᾽ ἔπειτα καὶ ἐς τέλος ᾖσιν ἀμείνω:
295ἐσθλὸς δ᾽ αὖ κἀκεῖνος, ὃς εὖ εἰπόντι πίθηται:
ὃς δέ κε μήτ᾽ αὐτὸς νοέῃ μήτ᾽ ἄλλου ἀκούων
ἐν θυμῷ βάλληται, ὃ δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἀχρήιος ἀνήρ.
- Works and Days 308-309:
ἐξ ἔργων δ᾽ ἄνδρες πολύμηλοί τ᾽ ἀφνειοί τε:
καὶ ἐργαζόμενοι πολὺ φίλτεροι ἀθανάτοισιν.
"It is through work that men grow rich in flocks and abundance;
It is through work too that men become more dear to the immortals."
- Works and Days 694:
μέτρα φυλάσσεσθαι: καιρὸς δ᾽ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἄριστος.
"Cherish what's measured; for the opportune time is best in all things."
- Works and Days 715:
μηδὲ πολύξεινον μηδ᾽ ἄξεινον καλέεσθαι,
"Be neither friendless nor a friend to all."
Pindar
- Olympian I 33-34:
ἁμέραι δ᾽ ἐπίλοιποι
μάρτυρες σοφώτατοι.
"Days to come are the wisest witnesses."
- Olympian I 113-114:
ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοισι δ᾽ ἄλλοι μεγάλοι. τὸ δ᾽ ἔσχατον
κορυφοῦται βασιλεῦσι.
"One man is great in one way, one in another;
But kings reach the highest pinnacle."
- Olympian II 30-34:
ἤτοι βροτῶν γε κέκριται
πεῖρας οὔ τι θανάτου,
οὐδ᾽ ἡσύχιμον ἁμέραν ὁπότε, παῖδ᾽ ἁλίου,
ἀτειρεῖ σὺν ἀγαθῷ τελευτάσομεν: ῥοαὶ δ᾽ ἄλλοτ᾽ ἄλλαι
εὐθυμιᾶν τε μετὰ καὶ πόνων ἐς ἄνδρας ἔβαν.
"Truly mortals cannot know the limits of death,
Nor our day of peace, that child of the sun-god,
When we shall bring unblemished goods to completion;
For streams of both pain and pleasure rain down
Forever upon men."
- Olympian II 51-52:
τὸ δὲ τυχεῖν
πειρώμενον ἀγωνίας παραλύει δυσφρονᾶν.
The troubles of the contest evaporate at the moment of triumph.
- Olympian 2 86:
σοφὸς ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς φυᾷ:
The sage knows much by nature.
- Olympian 4 18:
διάπειρά τοι βροτῶν ἔλεγχος:
Experience proves the man.
- Olympian 5 17:
ἠῢ δ᾽ ἔχοντες σοφοὶ καὶ πολίταις ἔδοξαν ἔμμεν.
The citizens think those who have good fortune are wise.
- Olympian 5 22:
φέρειν γῆρας εὔθυμον ἐς τελευτάν
May you carry joy into the farthest reaches of old age.
- Olympian 7 10:
ὁ δ᾽ ὄλβιος, ὃν φᾶμαι κατέχοντ᾽ ἀγαθαί.
Blessed is he who receives great praise.
- Olympian 7 25-26:
ἀμφὶ δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων φρασὶν ἀμπλακίαι
ἀναρίθμητοι κρέμανται: τοῦτο δ᾽ ἀμάχανον εὑρεῖν,
ὅ τι νῦν ἐν καὶ τελευτᾷ φέρτατον ἀνδρὶ τυχεῖν.
"Men's minds are beclouded by countless errors;
It's hard to see what would be best to happen
For men, whether now or in the end."
- Olympian 7 43-47:
ἐν δ᾽ ἀρετὰν
ἔβαλεν καὶ χάρματ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι Προμαθέος Αἰδώς:
ἐπὶ μὰν βαίνει τε καὶ λάθας ἀτέκμαρτα νέφος,
καὶ παρέλκει πραγμάτων ὀρθὰν ὁδὸν
ἔξω φρενῶν.
"Forethought's care gives thriving and joy to men;
Yet an inscrutable cloud of forgetting stalks us,
Driving the right way of acting out of our thoughts."
- Olympian 8 13-14:
πολλαὶ δ᾽ ὁδοὶ
σὺν θεοῖς εὐπραγίας.
"With the gods beside us,
Many are the roads to success."
- Olympian 9 107-108:
σοφίαι μὲν
αἰπειναί:
"The peaks of skill are lofty indeed."
- Olympian 11 10:
ἐκ θεοῦ δ᾽ ἀνὴρ σοφαῖς ἀνθεῖ πραπίδεσσιν ὁμοίως.
"Only through god does a man flourish as his mind's wisdom."
- Olympian 13 47-48:
ἕπεται δ᾽ ἐν ἑκάστῳ
μέτρον: νοῆσαι δὲ καιρὸς ἄριστος.
"To each thing belongs its measure:
Knowing the right moment is best."
- Pythian 1 41-42:
ἐκ θεῶν γὰρ μαχαναὶ πᾶσαι βροτέαις ἀρεταῖς,
καὶ σοφοὶ καὶ χερσὶ βιαταὶ περίγλωσσοί τ᾽ ἔφυν.
"From the gods come all mortal excellences,
Whether wisdom, eloquence, or strength of hand."
- Pythian 2 34:
χρὴ δὲ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν αἰεὶ παντὸς ὁρᾶν μέτρον.
"Always in all things, know your measure."
- Pythian 2 56:
τὸ πλουτεῖν δὲ σὺν τύχᾳ πότμου σοφίας ἄριστον.
"To prosper with the gifts of fortune is the highest wisdom."
- Pythian 2 72:
γένοι᾽ οἷος ἐσσὶ μαθών:
"Become what you are, having learned what that is."
- Pythian 3 34-35:
δαίμων δ᾽ ἕτερος
ἐς κακὸν τρέψαις ἐδαμάσσατό νιν:
"Her spirit turned evil and laid her low."
- Pythian 3 54:
ἀλλὰ κέρδει καὶ σοφία δέδεται.
"But even wisdom is bound up with avarice."
- Pythian 3 59-62:
χρὴ τὰ ἐοικότα πὰρ δαιμόνων μαστευέμεν θναταῖς φρασίν,
γνόντα τὸ πὰρ ποδός, οἵας εἰμὲν αἴσας.
μή, φίλα ψυχά, βίον ἀθάνατον
σπεῦδε, τὰν δ᾽ ἔμπρακτον ἄντλει μαχανάν.
"We must seek from the gods what is like us,
Knowing where we stand and what is our destiny.
Dear soul, don't strive for immortal life,
But make the most of the skills you have.
- Pythian 3 103-104:
εἰ δὲ νόῳ τις ἔχει θνατῶν ἀλαθείας ὁδόν, χρὴ πρὸς μακάρων
τυγχάνοντ᾽ εὖ πασχέμεν.
"If a mortal man keeps in mind the way of truth,
Let him accept with grace what the immortals grant."
- Pythian 3 108-109:
τὸν ἀμφέποντ᾽ αἰεὶ φρασὶν
δαίμον᾽ ἀσκήσω κατ᾽ ἐμὰν θεραπεύων μαχανάν.
"Ever will I honor the spirit within my mind,
Practicing the skills I have been given."
- Pythian 4 139-140:
ἐντὶ μὲν θνατῶν φρένες ὠκύτεραι
κέρδος αἰνῆσαι πρὸ δίκας δόλιον,
"The minds of men are all too quick
To spurn justice for the sake of greed."
- Pythian 4 286:
ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς πρὸς ἀνθρώπων βραχὺ μέτρον ἔχει.
The right moment's measure is all too brief.
- Pythian 5 12-13:
σοφοὶ δέ τοι κάλλιον
φέροντι καὶ τὰν θεόσδοτον δύναμιν.
"Even god-granted power is borne
More beautifully with wisdom."
- Pythian 5 122-123:
Διός τοι νόος μέγας κυβερνᾷ
δαίμον᾽ ἀνδρῶν φίλων.
"The great mind of Zeus guides
The spirit of men he loves."
- Pythian 7 21-22:
θάλλοισαν εὐδαιμονίαν
τὰ καὶ τὰ φέρεσθαι.
"Blooming joy brings
both good and bad."
- Pythian 11 52-53:
τῶν γὰρ ἂμ πόλιν εὑρίσκων τὰ μέσα μακροτέρῳ
ὄλβῳ τεθαλότα, μέμφομ᾽ αἶσαν τυραννίδων:
"Searching city life and finding those in middle
Prosper longest, I shun the ways of tyrants."
- Pythian 12 28-29:
εἰ δέ τις ὄλβος ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν, ἄνευ καμάτου
οὐ φαίνεται:
"If some bliss comes to men, it comes not
Without trouble."
- Nemean 1 25-27:
τέχναι δ᾽ ἑτέρων ἕτεραι: χρὴ δ᾽ ἐν εὐθείαις
ὁδοῖς στείχοντα μάρνασθαι φυᾷ.
πράσσει γὰρ ἔργῳ μὲν σθένος,
βουλαῖσι δὲ φρήν
Different men have different skills:
We must strive on a straight path with what we're given.
Strength takes action in deeds, mind in councils.
- Nemean 3 40-42:
συγγενεῖ δέ τις εὐδοξίᾳ μέγα βρίθει:
ὃς δὲ διδάκτ᾽ ἔχει, ψεφηνὸς ἀνὴρ ἄλλοτ᾽ ἄλλα πνέων οὔ ποτ᾽ ἀτρεκεῖ
κατέβα ποδί, μυριᾶν δ᾽ ἀρετᾶν ἀτελεῖ νόῳ γεύεται.
"Something innate carries great weight:
A man may be taught but still be blown darkly this way and that,
Struggling on uncertain feet, merely tasting of a thousand virtues
With a mind that never comes to completion."
- Nemean 6 4-5:
ἀλλά τι προσφέρομεν ἔμπαν ἢ μέγαν
νόον ἤτοι φύσιν ἀθανάτοις,
"We have some likeness to the immortals,
Whether in greatness of mind or nature."
- Isthmian 1 40:
ὁ πονήσαις δὲ νόῳ καὶ προμάθειαν φέρει:
"The one who suffers gains foresight in his mind."
- Isthmian 1 63:
ἦ μὰν πολλάκι καὶ τὸ σεσωπαμένον εὐθυμίαν μείζω φέρει.
"Often what's kept silent brings greater joy."
- Isthmian 5 16:
θνατὰ θνατοῖσι πρέπει.
"Mortality is fitting for mortals."
Friedrich Schiller
- "The beautiful must not only be life and form, but a living form, that is, beauty." Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man
- "Pleasure may be stolen, but love must be a gift." Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man
Sophocles
- Antigone, 334:
πολλὰ τὰ δεινὰ κοὐδὲν ἀνθρώπου δεινότερον πέλει.
"Many the marvels, but nothing more marvellous than man."
- Antigone, 506-507:
ἀλλ᾽ ἡ τυραννὶς πολλά τ᾽ ἄλλ᾽ εὐδαιμονεῖ
κἄξεστιν αὐτῇ δρᾶν λέγειν θ᾽ ἃ βούλεται.
"A king flourishes in many ways, but most of all
In that he can speak and act as he wishes."
- Antigone, 543:
λόγοις δ᾽ ἐγὼ φιλοῦσαν οὐ στέργω φίλην.
"I can't be fond of a friend whose friendship is only words."
- Antigone, 683-684:
πάτερ, θεοὶ φύουσιν ἀνθρώποις φρένας,
πάντων ὅσ᾽ ἐστὶ κτημάτων ὑπέρτατον.
"Father, the gods gave us mind,
The greatest thing we have."
- Antigone, 710-711:
ἀλλ᾽ ἄνδρα, κεἴ τις ᾖ σοφός, τὸ μανθάνειν
πόλλ᾽, αἰσχρὸν οὐδὲν καὶ τὸ μὴ τείνειν ἄγαν.
"A man, though wise, mustn't be ashamed
To learn more, nor hold the reins too tight."
- Antigone, 1050:
ὅσῳ κράτιστον κτημάτων εὐβουλία;
"Good counsel is the mightiest thing we have."
- Antigone, 1165-1171:
τὰς γὰρ ἡδονὰς
ὅταν προδῶσιν ἄνδρες, οὐ τίθημ᾽ ἐγὼ
ζῆν τοῦτον, ἀλλ᾽ ἔμψυχον ἡγοῦμαι νεκρόν.
πλούτει τε γὰρ κατ᾽ οἶκον, εἰ βούλει, μέγα
καὶ ζῆ τύραννον σχῆμ᾽ ἔχων: ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀπῇ
τούτων τὸ χαίρειν, τἄλλ᾽ ἐγὼ καπνοῦ σκιᾶς
οὐκ ἂν πριαίμην ἀνδρὶ πρὸς τὴν ἡδονήν.
"When a man has lost all joy, he doesn't really
Live, but could be called a breathing corpse.
Hold great wealth at home, if you please, or
Live the life of a king - if your gladness
Has gone, these are as the shadow of smoke
Compared to a joy that can't be bought."
- Oedipus at Colonus, 1143-1144:
οὐ γὰρ λόγοισι τὸν βίον σπουδάζομεν
λαμπρὸν ποεῖσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς δρωμένοις.
"Not by words but rather deeds do I make
This earnest life a thing of radiance."
- Oedipus at Colonus, 1225-1227:
μὴ φῦναι τὸν ἅπαντα νικᾷ λόγον: τὸ δ᾽, ἐπεὶ φανῇ,
βῆναι κεῖθεν ὅθεν περ ἥκει,
πολὺ δεύτερον, ὡς τάχιστα.
"Not to have been born surpasses all words;
Second best is, having seen the light of day,
To go quickly to that place whence we came."
- Oedipus at Colonus, 1615-1617:
ἀλλ᾽ ἓν γὰρ μόνον
τὰ πάντα λύει ταῦτ᾽ ἔπος μοχθήματα.
τὸ γὰρ φιλεῖν
"One word alone frees us from all misery: to love."
- Oedipus at Colonus, 1722:
κακῶν γὰρ δυσάλωτος οὐδείς.
"No one indeed is immune from troubles."
- Oedipus Rex, 44-45:
ὡς τοῖσιν ἐμπείροισι καὶ τὰς ξυμφορὰς
ζώσας ὁρῶ μάλιστα τῶν βουλευμάτων.
"I see that it's those with experience
Whose resolutions live on most of all."
- Oedipus Rex, 67:
πολλὰς δ᾽ ὁδοὺς ἐλθόντα φροντίδος πλάνοις:
"Many ways have I wandered in thought."
- Oedipus Rex, 356:
τἀληθὲς γὰρ ἰσχῦον τρέφω.
"The truth within me is my strength."
- Oedipus Rex, 587-589:
ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς ἱμείρων ἔφυν
τύραννος εἶναι μᾶλλον ἢ τύραννα δρᾶν,
οὔτ᾽ ἄλλος ὅστις σωφρονεῖν ἐπίσταται.
"I was not born with an urge to be
King, only to act in a kingly way;
So it is with all who know moderation."
- Oedipus Rex, 1528-1530:
ὥστε θνητὸν ὄντα κείνην τὴν τελευταίαν ἰδεῖν
ἡμέραν ἐπισκοποῦντα μηδέν᾽ ὀλβίζειν, πρὶν ἂν
τέρμα τοῦ βίου περάσῃ μηδὲν ἀλγεινὸν παθών.
"Looking always to that final day, call no mortal
Happy until he has pierced the limit of his life
Without having suffered painful misfortune."
Hajime Tanabe
- "True freedom is not something one receives from another; one has to acquire it for oneself." ~ Hajime Tanabe, Philosophy as Metanoetics
Thomas Traherne
- "By thoughts alone the soul is made divine." Thoughts (III)
Peter Saint-Andre > Writings > Aristotle